What Is Cervical Cancer? Essential Facts You Need to Know

January is recognized worldwide as Cervical Cancer Awareness Month. This month is an opportunity to focus on a vital women’s health issue and to learn about simple steps that can save millions of lives. Here are the most important and life-saving facts you need to know about cervical cancer.

What Is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It usually develops slowly. First, abnormal cell changes occur in the cervix, and if left untreated, these cells can eventually become cancerous.

📌 Key Fact #1: It Is Almost Always Caused by HPV
More than 99% of cervical cancer cases are caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a very common sexually transmitted virus.

Important Note: HPV is extremely common, and in most cases, the body clears the infection on its own. However, when high-risk HPV types (especially types 16 and 18) persist for a long time, they can cause cell changes that may lead to cancer. Having HPV does not mean you will get cancer, but it does increase your risk.

📌 Key Fact #2: Early Detection Makes Prevention and Treatment Possible
Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable types of cancer. Cell changes that begin years before cancer develops can be easily detected through regular screening tests.

Screening Tests:

Pap Smear (Pap Test): Checks for precancerous or abnormal cells in the cervix.
HPV Test: Detects the presence of high-risk HPV types in the cervix.

Regular screening allows early detection and treatment of cell changes, preventing cancer from developing.

📌 Key Fact #3: You Have Two Powerful Shields — Vaccination and Screening

HPV Vaccination (Prevention)
The HPV vaccine protects against the most common and high-risk HPV types that cause cancer. It is generally recommended during adolescence (ages 9–14). Vaccination protects both women and men from HPV-related diseases.
Regular Screening (Early Detection)
Having regular Pap tests and/or HPV tests at the age and frequency recommended by your doctor (usually starting at age 21) helps detect risky cell changes before they turn into cancer. Never skip your screenings!

What Symptoms Should You Watch For?

In the early stages, cervical cancer often causes no symptoms, which is why screening is crucial. As the disease progresses, the following symptoms may appear: